| "Soldiers in pairs look after each other; be faithful to your mate; be loyal to your leaders." |
| Anonymous |
COLD-WET
Cold-wet conditions occur when temperatures are near freezing and high and low temperatures cause alternate freezing and thawing. These conditions can be accompanied by wet snow and rain, causing the ground to become slushy and muddy. Soldiers need clothing that has a waterproof or water-repellent, wind-resistant outer layer, and an inner layer with insulation that provide protection in moderately cold weather (above 14oF). Waterproof footwear is essential.
COLD-DRY
Cold-dry conditions occur when average temperatures are lower than 14oF. The ground is usually frozen and the snow dry. Low temperatures plus wind increase the need for protection of the entire body. For these conditions, soldiers need clothing that will provide insulation for a wind-chill factor of -80oF. For temperatures below 14oF, white vapor barrier (VB) boots effective down to temperatures of -50oF must be worn.
WIND CHILL
Wind chill is a measure of the combined effects of wind and temperature. Temperature alone does not give a true indication of the impact of the cold. In order to effectively gauge the difference between temperature and the impact of the cold, a wind-chill scale must be used. The chart in Appendix A is a simple and practical guide showing the conditions under which cold weather is dangerous and when exposed flesh is likely to freeze. Soldiers must be familiar with the wind-chill chart to recognize these dangers.
Cold has a numbing effect on skin, which hinders task performance. This must be considered when accomplishing such routine tasks as vehicle maintenance, and making and striking bivouac areas.
When conditions become extreme and the temperature drops, the problem of survival becomes critical. Under these circumstances soldiers may tend to withdraw emotionally, not wanting to leave the warmth and protection of their shelter or tent. The remedy is physical activity. Try to remain alert and active. Execution of all military duties and the fast and proper performance of group tasks are vital.
COCOON-LIKE EXISTENCE
Many soldiers, when wearing several layers of clothing and with their heads covered, tend to withdraw within themselves and assume a cocoon-like existence. When so clothed, many soldiers' hearing and field of vision are restricted; they tend not to notice their surroundings. Their thinking and reasoning become sluggish.
INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP HIBERNATION
This process is characterized by individuals seeking the comfort of sleeping bags, and by the group remaining in tents or other shelter. Guard and security measures may be neglected, jeopardizing the security and safety of the unit.
The body must be protected. It must be kept clean, dry, and warm, with normal body processes maintained. Rest and nourishment are vital. The right approach to cold-weather living will keep you healthy and get you through challenging times. There are four basic rules to follow:
KEEP IN SHAPE
Cold-weather clothing and equipment are heavy, and add weight to your normal equipment load. This hinders movement in snow and uses too much energy. The importance of being in excellent physical condition cannot be overemphasized. Your unit must have a tough, challenging, demanding physical training program.
DRINK PLENTY OF WATER
Water may be hard to get, so you may drink less than you need or only when you are thirsty. This will not give you the water needed to avoid dehydration. Drink plenty of water (at least 3.5 quarts per day) to avoid dehydration and fatigue. DO NOT eat snow as a water substitute; it will lower your body's core temperature.
EAT TO KEEP FIT
Regular, nutritious hot food is needed for top performance. You must eat, even when you are not hungry.
KEEP A GOOD ATTITUDE
You will meet many new challenges, but none that cannot be overcome. Your attitude toward the cold will reflect those of your leaders.
Most soldiers, after 3 to 4 weeks of cold-weather training, will be able to cope with the environment. Some soldiers may not be as skilled as others, but most will succeed.
Set an example for other soldiers. Winter conditions can be frightening, trying to meet challenges you have never met before. Any mistake could make you a casualty. Aggressive leadership actions that overcome the challenges of the environment are essential to mission accomplishment.
There are two enemies to overcome in northern operations: the enemy soldier and the cold. The first step in defeating either enemy is having the right attitude. The cold can defeat you psychologically if you are not aware of the symptoms of a poorly prepared unit. The following are suggestions on how to defeat the cold: